Electronic devices designed for applications that require quick duration operation and are required to be in standby mode generally require a huge energy surge immediately following wake-up commands. These include alarms for emergency situations, RFID transponders, GPS tracking devices reading-out smart meters’ electronic devices, and the newly compelled E-CALL systems used in automobiles for passengers. A low leakage, stable voltage loss current (LCC) battery is needed and can supply enormous momentary charges in a short amount of time to the device. These needs are usually met through the use of different supercapacitors that offer ten or hundred times more energy density than standard electrolytic capacitors. Their charging as well as discharge time are less, and they can handle more cycles than e.g. rechargeable batteries. Supercap’s operations are usually built on electrostatic principles, but there are some specific devices, such as EVE Energy’s patented SPC devices, which feature chemical working principles. They typically are not operated on their own. However, they are components of one EVE’s energy storage systems that are, in reality, an exclusive battery pack. This paper outlines the benefits of this system.

SPC device

The super pulse capacitors developed by EVE are instantaneous discharge devices that are able to be used in the operating temperature range from -40degC to +85degC. The unique chemical structure of SPC originates from EVE’s patents. The hermetically sealed and sealed enclosure, with safety valves, makes it superior and secure even in situations in which conventional supercapacitors are not utilized. One such area is gas metering, in which case SPC, thanks to its ATEX approval, is the best solution to activate the smart meter’s readout because the safety valves in the device make it explosively safe.

The voltage of the cell is 3.6V which is not a problem, and no passivation occurs, something that other battery families of lithium suffer from. Self-discharge is still less than 2 percent, which makes it possible to remain on standby and then be activated quickly to pump massive charge to the battery.

In the event that a smart meter is equipped with a battery called ER (lithium thionyl chloride) battery, the delay in voltage due to the passivation effect can cause problems when operating. Passivation is an issue in lithium primary cells that is triggered by the interaction between the anode of lithium metal and the electrolyte. A thin, so-called passivation layer is formed at the edges of the anode when the electrolyte gets in the cell during the production. This layer is crucial because it shields the anode from reaction while the cell is not impacted by the load, leading to an extended time to use. When the battery is under load and it is about discharging, the current that flows throughout the battery will begin to build up the layer. In normal conditions, the thin passivation layer is not a hindrance or a degrading factor to the efficiency of the cell. If the layer gets too thick because of prolonged storage, the discharge performance can be impacted. The growth of the passivation layer is affected by the conditions that are imposed on the storage, prolonged periods of inactivity of time, such as months or years, and ensuring that the cells are kept at temperatures above ambient (23-25 degrees Celsius) can result in the passivation layer to get thicker. The cells that are passivated can show the appearance of a voltage delay if it is suddenly placed under load. The voltage response may be delayed. In such instances, the smart utility meter that is on standby for an extended time will not work properly, the electronics for reading out might not begin, and the data transfer could be ineffective. An alternative solution for these instances is to employ an SPC device in conjunction with using the ER battery.

ER cells that are behind the SPC or by using more SPC devices at the at the same time.

Lithium thionyl chloride cells are equipped with an aluminum-lithium carbon – the lightest of the metals – anode as well as a cathode made of liquid that has a porous current collector stuffed by the thionyl chloride (SoCl 2). They produce a nominal power of 3.6V which is the open circuit is 3,66 V, and at load, using the 3.4-3,6V closed circuit voltage, they are among the top in voltage, primer cells. The lithium thionyl chloride battery has the most power and energy density (1280 Wh/dm 3), the most extended battery life (10-20 years), and the lowest self-discharge of 1% at 20OC. The battery can operate in a broad temperature range, typically from -60degC to 85degC. They are perfect for applications that require long-term power sources for electric devices, electrical power, water, and gas meters, and mainly to provide backup power sources in memory ICS. The program has enormous pulse current spirals and more significant capacity bobbin cell types. The bobbin model is more secure, but it usually has an in-built voltage delay, and its pulse power might not be sufficient to provide a momentary high energy to the devices (passivation).

By combining the SPC and bobbin-type ER techniques, it is possible to combine the benefits. A lithium primer battery will have enough capacity to keep SPC fully constantly charged, and the SPC devices can quickly provide pulse charge into the device. Other companies combine ER batteries and supercapacitors. In contrast to the two technologies, the lithium-chemistry is the more efficient. SPC systems provide these advantages